Determinants Influencing International Passengers’ Intention To Use The Electronic Customs Declaration
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Abstract
This study analyzes the determinants of international passengers’ intention to use the Electronic Customs Declaration (e-CD) developed by the Directorate General of Customs and Excise as part of the digital transformation of customs services, using the Unified Model of Electronic Government Adoption (UMEGA) framework. A deductive quantitative approach was employed through a survey of international passengers arriving at Yogyakarta International Airport during September 2025, with data collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4 to test seven research hypotheses. The results indicate that performance expectancy and facilitating conditions have a significant positive effect on the intention to use e-CD, while effort expectancy influences intention only indirectly through the mediation of user attitude. Social influence does not significantly affect either attitude or intention to use, whereas perceived risk has a significant negative effect on user attitude. User attitude plays a crucial mediating role in linking the determinants to usage intention, with performance expectancy emerging as the most dominant factor. These findings highlight that the success of digital transformation in customs services largely depends on the government’s ability to deliver tangible benefits, strengthen supporting facilities, and reduce users’ perceived risks related to
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